ESL and Education Vocab 2

Language that a learner can mostly understand even if it contains some new words or structures, which helps them learn naturally.

When the teacher used pictures and simple sentences to explain new vocabulary, she was providing comprehensible input for the beginners.

The process of changing a verb's form to match the subject, tense, or mood of a sentence.

The conjugation of the verb 'to be' includes forms like 'am,' 'is,' and 'are' in the present tense.

A vowel sound made by combining two vowel sounds together in one syllable, where the mouth moves from one position to another.

The word 'coin' contains a diphthong because the vowel sound starts with one position and glides into another.

A teaching technique in which students repeat words, phrases, or sentences many times to help them memorize and practice correct forms.

The teacher used drilling to help students practice the pronunciation of difficult words until they felt confident.

A word in one language that looks or sounds similar to a word in another language but has a different meaning, sometimes called a 'false friend.'

The Spanish word 'embarazada' looks like the English word 'embarrassed,' but it actually means 'pregnant,' making it a false cognate.

The influence of a learner's first language (L1) on their use of a second language, which can cause errors when the two languages have different rules.

A French speaker might say 'I am agreed' in English due to L1 interference, translating directly from the French structure.

A classroom where students have different levels of language ability or knowledge, requiring the teacher to use varied activities and materials.

In a mixed-ability class, the teacher gave extra support to beginners while giving more challenging tasks to advanced students.

The smallest unit of meaning in a language; it can be a whole word or a part of a word such as a prefix or suffix.

The word 'unhappy' contains two morphemes: 'un-,' meaning not, and 'happy,' meaning pleased.

A form of a verb that can be used as an adjective or to form certain verb tenses; common types are the present participle (ending in -ing) and the past participle (often ending in -ed or -en).

In the sentence 'The broken window was repaired,' the word 'broken' is a past participle used as an adjective.

The categories that words are grouped into based on their function in a sentence, such as noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.

Understanding the parts of speech helps you know how to use words correctly in a sentence.

A method of teaching reading and pronunciation by learning the sounds that letters and groups of letters make.

The children used phonics to sound out new words they had never seen before.

Word parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a base word to change its meaning or grammatical function.

By learning prefixes and suffixes, such as 'un-' and '-ness,' you can understand many new words more easily.

A type of error correction in which the teacher repeats what a student said but in the correct form, without directly pointing out the mistake.

When the student said 'I goed to the store,' the teacher used a recast and responded naturally, 'Oh, you went to the store? What did you buy?'

A part of a sentence that gives more information about a noun, usually introduced by words like 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.'

In the sentence 'The book that I borrowed was very interesting,' 'that I borrowed' is a relative clause describing the book.

Common words that learners are encouraged to recognize immediately by sight rather than by sounding them out, because they appear very frequently in texts.

Words like 'the,' 'said,' and 'because' are sight words that young readers practice until they know them automatically.

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person (singular or plural).

In the sentence 'She walks to school,' the subject-verb agreement is correct because 'she' and 'walks' are both singular.

The set of rules that governs how words are arranged to form correct and meaningful sentences in a language.

English syntax generally requires that the subject comes before the verb, as in 'The dog barked loudly.'

A teaching approach in which students learn language by completing real-life tasks, such as planning a trip or solving a problem, rather than studying grammar rules directly.

In a task-based learning lesson, students had to plan a class party together, using English to discuss ideas and make decisions.

The forms of a verb that show when an action happens, such as in the past, present, or future.

Learning English tenses can be challenging, but understanding the difference between past and present is a good first step.

Transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning, while intransitive verbs do not need an object.

In 'She kicked the ball,' 'kicked' is a transitive verb, but in 'She smiled,' 'smiled' is intransitive because it needs no object.