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Part 4
Listen and answer questions 1 – 10.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Complete the notes below.

How Ancient Ports Were Built

Choosing a Location
  • Builders looked for a natural to protect ships from wind and waves.
  • Alexandria was chosen because the coastline offered good natural shelter.
The Breakwater
  • Built from large stone blocks cut from nearby .
  • At Caesarea, workers used an early form of to build the breakwater underwater.
  • The mixture included volcanic ash, lime, and seawater — it hardened even when wet.
The Quay
  • Wooden quays were cheaper but did not last as long as ones.
  • Ancient stone quays have been found in Greece and the Middle East.
Warehouses
  • Long, narrow buildings placed close to the water for storing goods.
  • At Ostia, warehouses were used to store grain, oil, and .
  • Buildings were made of .
The Lighthouse
  • The Pharos of Alexandria was built around BC.
  • It was approximately 100 metres tall.
  • A fire at the top helped sailors see the port from far away.
Dredging
  • Sand and mud made harbours too for large ships over time.
  • Workers used baskets and scoops on wooden frames to remove material from the harbour floor.
Port Workers
  • Ports needed dock workers, merchants, and officials who collected on imported goods.
  • Money changers were also present because merchants used different .